风格·方法·体系:理解苏联社会主义现实主义建筑的三条路径*

Style, Method, and Ideological and Production System: Three Approaches to Understanding Socialist Realism of Soviet Architecture

摘要:

和现代主义一样，对社会主义现实主义的理解可循 3 条路径进行：一、建筑风格和形式表达；二、创作方法和设计理论；三、包含社会动员、生产管理和领导方式等内容的社会主义思想体系和生产组织方式。第一部分讨论中西学界关于社会主义现实主义建筑的若干误解及其原由，并简述 20 世纪 30—80 年代其在苏联的发展轨迹。在缕述社会主义现实主义与现代主义的差异及关联的基础上， 按上述 3 条路径分别讨论社会主义现实主义作为样式的若干外在特点，作为创作方法及设计理论的内在发展逻辑， 及从建筑单体到城市规划的适用范围，并从冷战竞争和体系对抗角度论述社会主义现实主义如何开创不同现代化道路。深入理解苏联的社会主义现实主义对我国现代建筑史研究也具有启发意义。

Abstract:

This paper proposes three approaches Socialist Realism (S.R.) in the Soviet Union step by step: 1) S.R. as an architectural style and substantial physical representation; 2) S.R. as a design method and architectural theory; and 3) S.R. as an ideological system consisting of social mobilization, managerial system and leadership method, etc. The first part reviews the misunderstanding history of S.R. in the current academic context, and delineates the development of S.R. in the Soviet since the 1930s up to the 1980s. The next three parts focuses on each approach to understanding the relation to and deviances from Modernism, to summarize several characteristics of S.R. both as an artistic style and a design method, and explicate the applicability of S.R. as a design method and theory on various scales from individual buildings to town planning. In the end, it examines the contribution of S.R. to a unique path deviate from the Western modernization in the Soviet Union, which offers references to the study on modern Chinese architectural history since 1949.