广西忻城莫土司建筑设计方法探究*

The Design Methods of Motusi Architecture in Xincheng， Guangxi Province

摘要:

广西忻城莫土司建筑始建于明万历十年（1582）， 1996 年被列为全国重点文物保护单位，是我国汉地边缘保存最好的土司遗产之一。莫土司建筑具有复合性特点：作为一种制度化产物，拥有官式性质及其特征；作为地域建筑，又体现出特定做法。在营造尺复原的基础上，发现多种尺长并存，随时代从 30.8 厘米到 31.8 厘米逐渐变大；明间采用 15 尺规制；单体建筑中心空间以长宽高皆为 15 尺的立方体为基准，或在此基础上略有加减；建筑群以15尺、 庭院以 5 尺（即 1 步）方格网控制整体尺度，主体建筑位于地盘几何中心。通过对比，揭示了诸多建筑设计方法与官式及广府建筑的联系。作为土司建筑个案研究，有利于深化我国地域建筑规制及其渊源的探索。

Abstract:

The motusi buildings in Xincheng, Guangxi province, were built in 1582, the tenth year of the Wanli reign period of Ming. As one of the best preserved of their kind located at the outskirts of Chinese culture, they were listed as a National Priority Protected Site in 1996. The motusi buildings belong to the highly formalized system of government-sponsored architecture, but the usage of certain building methods reveals the influence of regional and local building traditions. The reconstruction of the original construction ruler (yingzaochi) indicates: the length of each building was different and increased gradually from 30.8cm to 31.8cm; the central bay was designed using a base unit of 15 chi (feet); the length, width, and height of interior space was adjusted by adding or subtracting the dimensions of the base unit; the complex was laid out on a grid of 15 chi but the yashu cluster on a grid of 5 chi (corresponding to 1 bu or pace); the main building was situated in the geometric center of the complex. A comparative analysis demonstrates similarities between these tusi buildings and the design methods used for official-style and/or Cantonese architecture. Therefore, this case study serves to the explore the rules and origins of Chinese regional architecture.