中国建筑史研究中有关“类型”问题早期探索的三个线索与三重维度(20世纪40—60年代)*

The Triple Dimension of Chinese Architectural History Studies: Three Clues to Early Categorization (1940s–1960s)

摘要:

在 20 世纪 40 年代至 60 年代，中国建筑史研究完成了资料的初步积累，开始提出整体性的叙事架构。这一时期，“如何分类”成了一个在众多方面都无法忽视的挑战，学界围绕这一挑战展开了有关“类型”问题的早期探索。期间以梁思成、刘敦桢和刘致平所提出的类型方案最具有代表性。本文尝试以三位先生的相关工作为线索，从具体内容、观念来源、问题意识等方面着手，探讨中国建筑史学界最初思考“如何分类”这一问题时的语境、方式以及困难。并提出，三个线索分别提示了类型问题的三个维度：一，不断深入地揭示中国历史传统的特质与规律； 二，区分建筑现象的本质差异并进行贴切的理论阐释；三， 与设计实践和教学体系之间形成有效对话。而三个维度之间顾此失彼的紧张感对今天仍有启发意义，值得更深入地思考。

Abstract:

The paper focuses on early (1940s-1960s) attempts to categorize Chinese architectural history. After preliminary data was gathered, the question of “how to categorize/classify the objects under investigation into various categories” became a crucial issue for writing a narrative from a holistic perspective. During this period, three pioneers of Chinese architectural history studies, Liang Sicheng, Liu Dunzhen, and Liu Zhiping, approached this challenge in different ways, and their problem-solving strategies contributed to the advancement in the field. Through detailed analysis of their academic writings, the paper explores the rationale for writing against their academic backgrounds and the diffiffifficulties they encountered during the stage of writing.